MLA 9th referencing style

(Spacks 5)

OR

(Moore and Belsey 45)

OR

Moore, Jane, and Catherine Belsey. The Feminist Reader: Essays in Gender and the Politics of Literary Criticism. Macmillan, 1989.

If there are more than two authors, list only the first author followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for "and others") in place of the subsequent authors' names.

(Boyd et al. 24)

OR

Boyd, Brian, et al. Evolution, Literature, and Film: A Reader. Columbia UP, 2010.

When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the work instead of the author name in the in-text citation. For more about shortened titles refer to the MLA Handbook section 6.10, pp. 237-38.

(New York Public Library 6)

New York Public Library American History Desk Reference. Macmillan, 1997.

Include the shortened title in the in-text citation so that your reader knows which work you are referring to. In your list of works cited, list alphabetically by title.

(Palmer, Dickens 45)

(Palmer, Films 67)

Palmer notes that... (Dickens 45).

However, Palmer disputes this... (Films 67).

Palmer, William J. Dickens and New Historicism. St. Martin's, 1997.

———. The Films of the Eighties: A Social History. Southern Illinois UP, 1993.

Otherwise known as a 'corporate author'. In text citations should be shortened to the shortest noun phrase. See In-text references for more detail.

If the organisation is the same as the publisher, do not add an author name. Only list the publisher. When citing, either write the title in the text itself or have an abbreviated form in parenthesis before the page number.

(United Nations 180)

According to the United Nations… (180)

OR

(MLA 56)

MLA Handbook notes that... (56)

United Nations. Consequences of Rapid Population Growth in Developing Countries. Taylor and Francis, 1991.

MLA Handbook. 9th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021.

To cite a republished book (e.g. a paperback version of a hardcover that isn't a new edition) in the reference list you may choose to give information on the original publication data before the publication information of the book you are citing.

As Butler states... (58)

OR

Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. 1990. Routledge, 1999.

OR

Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. Love in the Time of Cholera. 1988. Translated by Edith Grossman, Penguin, 1989.

(Duncan et al. 89-90)

OR

(Jackson 123-4)

OR

If you only cite from one volume, provide only the page number in parentheses. 

(Rawling 96)

OR

According to Rawling... (96)

Rawling, Barry H. J. "Yorkshire English." The British Isles. Edited by Tometro Hopkins and John McKenny, vol. 1 of World Englishes, Bloomsbury Academic, 2017.

If you cite from different volumes of a mulitvolume work, in your in-text citation include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the colon, then provide the page number(s).

(Sadie 3: 45)

OR

According to Sadie (3: 45)

Sadie, Stanley, editor. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 2nd ed., Grove, 2001. 29 vols.

You may provide page number(s) for an online publication in-text if you know it appears consistently for other users. Otherwise, refer to the MLA Handbook section 6.20, p. 244 for more guidance on using stable numbered sections (e.g. chapters or sections) and eBooks.

(Huang and Rivlin 234)

OR

According to Huang and Rivlin (234)

Huang, Alexa, and Elizabeth Rivlin. Shakespeare and the Ethics of Appropriation. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. EBL, uql.eblib.com.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1839669.

Electronic Book

You will need to manually edit the output for this style in the plain text version of the document to italicise the database/website/platform the eBook version was accessed from and add URL if DOI not available (optional element).

The way you cite a translated text will depend on what you wish to focus on - the work itself or the translation.

(Dostoevsky 200-01)

Dostoevsky writes... (200-01)

OR

(Coulson 200-01)

Coulson's translation...(200-01)

Dostoevsky, Feodor. Crime and Punishment. Translated by Jessie Coulson, edited by George Gibian, Norton, 1964.

OR

Coulson, Jessie, translator. Crime and Punishment. By Feodor Dostoevsky, edited by George Gibian, Norton, 1964.

Book

You will need to manually edit the output for this style in the plain text version of the document to add the editor information and capitalise the T in "translated".